At the end of the 19th century, the thought prevailed among the entire scientific community of the world that it is the end of physics. But with the discovery of quantum theory and relativity at the beginning of the century, everything was not the same as before, and so the quest to find the theory of everything began.
Quantum theory is about the uncertainty that denies our everyday existence and that thrives on chance. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle states that the moment and place of the particle cannot be simultaneously defined with exact precision. Albert Einstein commented on this new science by saying a famous quote that “God does not play dice.”
Physics states that there are four forces: the force of gravity, the force of magnetism, the strong force, and the weak force. Gravitation itself is a puzzling force that both Newton and Einstein tried to understand by proposing their own theories to explain it. Newton proposed that the force of gravity acts between two invisible bodies, but how is this possible? Newton’s second law of motion explains that a body at rest will not experience any force until an external force acts on it. Einstein tries to explain these forces of gravity through his general theory of relativity in which he considered all space-time wrapped in one. According to the theory, space has a fabric of space-time caused by the force of gravity. All space is a fabric in which the body bends this fabric of space-time and transfers the force of gravity at the speed of light between the two bodies. Quantum theory is still not fully understood where particle physicists are still busy discovering the internal structure of atoms. However, it is in itself very difficult to understand the quantum rules that nullify the meaning. Now the dilemma is to link these two forces into one and get an equation that explains both forces. So, in the end, you get the last equation that explains all the forces. If it could be done, it would be the greatest triumph of the human quest for knowledge.
Imagine explaining the operation of a Quark and the black hole with the same laws of physics, that is, with the same equation logic. Black holes are very dense objects in the universe with very strong gravity, so they gobble up everything that passes through them, not even light can pass through them. Gravity is a weak force, while the nuclear forces are very strong. In black holes, the force of gravity is so immense that the laws of physics break down and only quantum rules apply. The study of these black holes could give some clues about the interaction of the force of gravity and quantum forces.
The magnetic force is an even stronger form of force that is both attractive and repulsive and electrical forces are also repulsive and attractive. The strong force is always attractive because this force only binds repulsive nucleons. Is the gravitational force also always attractive, not repulsive? If all of these forces are a form of a single unifying force, how can these different forces act differently? One should not have heard that gravity is repulsive between two bodies, it is always attractive. Perhaps the quantum forces that make up large bodies are different from the quantum forces that make up small bodies. Quantum forces are more pronounced at the microscale than at larger scales. Strong and weak forces prevail at the micro scale but not at the large scale and vice versa in the case of the force of gravity. Matter behaves differently on a large scale than it does on a microscale, is that the case? If so, what could have caused the same matter to behave differently on large and small scales?
Physics has proposed the multiverse theory that there are many dimensions and that there are multiple universes that are not visible to the naked eye. An insect that cannot fly over the ground can see only two dimensions and the third dimension is completely unknown to it. Similarly, human beings can visualize only three-dimensional space and the rest of the dimensions are beyond our comprehension. Why God has created us like this is ridiculous or he did not want us to know the rule by which he created this entire universe or that he is the master and human beings are inferior beings who are not worthy of knowing the things he knows. The game he played with the forces of nature could be analogous, so that humans can better understand forces in isolation, but cannot come up with a single theory to explain all forces. Truly God is divine and invincible.
Gravity is fun, quantum theory is fun, and combining them is fun. Quarks, when studied, consist of various flavors that combine to form protons and nucleons. When multiple quarks would arrange themselves on multiple atoms on a large scale, this arrangement would cancel out the attraction between one set of quark combinations and another quark combination. So, in the end, only a small part of this strong force could prevail, so that the attraction between quarks of two different bodies becomes small. Imagine an atom where quarks interact to form a strong force that binds nuclei where several of those atoms organize together through chemical bonds to form matter. Now the behavior of matter completely changes and requires billions of quarks to fuse together to create a weak force like gravity.
Quark forms nucleons that form the nucleus that forms the atom Atoms form matter and give them their identity. Are the protons the same? Do they have the same identity everywhere in the universe? Do chemical elements differ only because they have a different number of protons or rather have a different shape of protons? Quarks can be oriented differently to give protons a different structure depending on their number. So the quarks give the protons their identity based on the number of protons. These give rise to different chemical elements. So the alignment of Quarks is different even for nucleons giving rise to a strong force. This set of alignments and spatial arrangement of quarks can give atoms their neutral character. Due to different alignments, these nuclear forces are altered and give rise to a small force called the force of gravity. So as the mass of the body grows, the number of nucleons grows and when these small forces add up to a large size, it is directly proportional to the mass of the body. Now quarks will bond more closely to nearby quarks than at longer distances because quarks bend more space in near space than they do at farther distances, so their effect becomes negligible at larger distances. So, in sense, the application of the force should vary directly in proportion to the distance. It is analogous to the strong force, which is very attractive at close range, but becomes much smaller in size for greater distances, similarly the force of gravity varies inversely with distance. F=m*dv/dt which implies F=m*c which also implies F=c Now c*t=distance which implies considering time as negligibly constant F=distance. If the force travels through the fabric of spacetime that is geodesic in nature, then the strength of the force must decrease with increasing distances, which governs our inverse square law, which is no more than an approximation . So how to calculate the force of gravity between two bodies, first add up all the vector sums of forces between the atoms that make up the body, and then apply the distance law to find out how much gravitational force the body can exert at a distance. On a quantum scale, the structure of space-time is insignificant to have any effect on the strong forces.
A supernova is a gigantic phenomenon in which an old star undergoes a gigantic explosion and becomes a neutron star. When the star reaches its late mature stage, it begins to rapidly use up nuclear fuel, leading to an explosion called a supernova explosion. Matter is converted into energy by Einstein’s law E=mc2 and what remains is a small star called a neutron star. Now, when the star exploded, the protons fuse together to form different elements with proton fusion.
What is that single unifying theory called Unification Theory? Is it string theory or is some new theory necessary? The Theory of Everything is possible or not, but one thing is certain: its understanding is not deep enough, but scientists will need more time to understand it.